Oscar Harrison Rogers, MD Taylor Instrument Company
Published / Created:
ca. early-mid 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 041
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Sphygmomanometer
Description:
Dr. Roger's Tycos Sphygmomanometer in leather-covered case, with a cloth storage bag included. On the dial, beneath the name of the instrument, gives a manufacturing number of 87400, and a patent date (and pending) of December 21, 1915.
Oscar Harrison Rogers, MD Taylor Instrument Company
Published / Created:
ca. early-mid 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 041
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Sphygmomanometer
Description:
Two circular, metal Dr. Rogers' Tycos-brand Sphygmomanometer dials, patented sometime, according to the label, between December 21st, 1916 through September 11, 1917.
W. A. Baum Company, Incorporated William Anthony Baum, MD
Published / Created:
ca. early-mid 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 041
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Sphygmomanometer
Description:
A Baumanometer-brand Desk Model sphygmomanometer—housed in a wooden box and with many of the needed pieces included. A metal plate at the bottom of the case provides a chart of ages and average systolic, diastolic, and pulse readings. Further stated, "these averages compare with readings obtained on over 500,000 life insurance applicants".
W. A. Baum Company, Incorporated William Anthony Baum, MD
Published / Created:
ca. early-mid 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 041
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Sphygmomanometer
Description:
A wooden box with a measuring device inside. According to a label attached to the outside of the box, this is a Baum monometer—of which the accompanying rubber tubing is non-functioning.
Madden, Joseph W., MD W. A. Baum Company, Incorporated William Anthony Baum, MD
Published / Created:
ca. early-mid 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 041
Image Count:
3
Alternative Title:
Sphygmomanometer
Description:
A Lifetime Baumanometer—also labeled the 'Kompak Model'. The device is housed in a wooden box with many of the needed pieces included. metal plate at the bottom of the case provides a chart of ages and average systolic, diastolic, and pulse readings. Further stated, "these averages compare with readings obtained on over 500,000 life insurance applicants".
Forbes, Thomas Rogers (1911- ) Johnson and Johnson
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 042
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Fumigator
Description:
A Lister's brand Formaldehyde Fumigator, efficient for a 1,000 cubic foot space. This specific instrument was used at the Bates College Infirmary in Lewiston, Maine, circa 1920. Also includes an instructional booklet.
A late 19th century desktop blood pressure apparatus, with three small glass bottles fitted into the door (handwritten labels on the bottles identify the contents as absolute alcohol, mentholated spirits, and ink).
Choquart and Peuchot, Opticiens and Constructeurs Therrien, E. J., MD
Published / Created:
ca. late 19th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 097
Image Count:
5
Description:
A rosewood box, lined with purple velvet, and containing numerous prescription lenses to fit a patient for a pair of eyeglasses. Contained lenses for refraction and astigmatism, as well.
Carl Ludwig D. B. Kagenaar Fulton, John Farquhar (1899-1960)
Published / Created:
ca. mid-late 19th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 007
Image Count:
4
Description:
A brass kymograph housed in a wooden case—seen in the images is a drum that is driven by an internal spring. The case contains twelve sheets of white recording paper, and one smoked sheet with four traces previously recorded on it. The manufacturer, D. B. Kagenaar, has their name stamped in a number of locations throughout the instrument.
Housed in a wooden case, the lid opens to reveal two metallic hand-held electrodes with wooden handles, a pair of sponge electrodes, a foot plate electrode, a dry cell battery and can. The directions for use are under the top lid. The lid closes with an eye-latch, and has a metal handle for carrying.
Housed in a wooden case, the lid opens to reveal a battery with an oscillator transformer. Additionally there are two wooden handled electrodes, two sponge electrodes, two metal tube electrodes, a foot plate electrode, and some additional cording. The directions for use are under the top lid. The lid closes with an eye-latch, and has a metal handle for carrying.
A wooden box, lined with velvet, containing the necessary boards, braces, straps, and supports to fashion various fractures or dislocations, including hip dislocations, femur fractures, and shoulder dislocations. Enclosed documentation depicts how this may have looked.
Complete steam atomizer (Apparatus No. 15) in pine box with partial label. In the image there is a metal boiler with a heat source, a container to catch any dripping or condensation, and a face shield to guide the steam.
Three wooden splints, each with print indicating the location where they must be applied. There is a patellar splint, a left-sided arm splint, and a right-sided lower leg splint. Along the outside top of each splint, albeit faded, is the text 'A. M. Day, Bennington, VT'.
Evans and Wormull Friedenwald, Jonas Stein (1897-1955) George Tiemann and Company Streeter, Edward Clark (1874-1947)
Published / Created:
ca. 1850-1900
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 096
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Surgical Instruments Set
Description:
A wooden box, with fitted trays lined with a dark red velvet. Inside the lid is the emblem for the George Tiemann and Company—that said, several of the instruments inside are manufactured by the Evans Wormull Company. Among the instruments contained within are a capital saw, several knives, and a trepanning elevator.
A Cardi-all brand electrocardiograph machine, housed in a wooden boxed with a handle to transport. Sold by the Professional Equipment Company of New Haven, Hartford, and Stamford.
A battery devised to generate both galvanic and faradic current from six dry cells housed within a wooden case with a damaged leather strap handle. Upon opening the case, the main panel consists of a large oscillator coil mounted on a top plate, with an adjustable induction core. Two switches adjust the galvanic and faradic current to the connectable devices. Under the lid of the box are the instructions for use.
Five Chinese surgical instruments in a small wooden box lined with paper. Included are a 12.5 cm. pair of scissors, a pair of curved forceps, and three chisel/blade-type tools of varying sizes.
A leather wallet, lined with a blue fabric, containing seven different instruments, including a pair of angled forceps, an exploring director (manufactured by Hermann); a pair of slide-catch forceps and two small scalpels with wooden handles (manufactured by Tiemann); a pair of spring-levered forceps (manufactured by Caswell, Hazard, and Company), a double-bladed pocket instrument (manufactured by Codman and Shurtleff). Additionally, a carboard bobbin of Chinese silk (produced by Tsatlee) and a small, additional leather wallet accompany the piece.
A mahogany case, lined with a dark red velvet, and containing amputation and trepanning instruments, of which include forceps, gouges, several saws (Hey's, capital, and chain), a trephine and trephine brush, scalpels, a spiral tourniquet, knives, and an osteotome. and An inscription on top of the box reads 'Dr. W. G. Alling. Presented by friends and patients at the State Hospital, New Haven, Conn. Dec. 22nd, 1869'. Dr. Alling was the House Physician of the General Hospital
Eliot, Gustavus, MD (AB Yale 1877) George Tiemann and Company
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 023
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Urology Instruments
Description:
A set of urethral instruments, manufactured by George Tiemann and Co. and sold by the E. L. Washburn Company of New Haven, Connecticut. Housed in a wooden box lined with dark velvet, the set includes an American sound gauge, four plated sounds, two metal catheters, and a set of bougie à boule.
In a suitcase-styled box, lined with velvet, is a violet ray stimulator. Inside the lid, with a ribbon identifying the device brand as "OFRA", are several types of glass electrodes ranging from facial use to genital use. In the base of the kit, along with additional electrodes, including a hairbrush-style electrode as well as a rubberized bulb to use with the nasal electrode. The current for the device can be adjusted by a turn dial, allowing the user to vary between 110 and 250 volts.
A surgical/amputation set—housed in a leather-covered wood case, with fitted, covered trays that hold the instruments. Among those are several saws (bow, chain, Hey’s, and metacarpal), several pairs of bone forceps, a trephine and brush, a Buck’s drill, a bone staff, and two tenaculum. This kit belonged to Dr. Samuel D. Gilbert, of the New Haven Hospital.
“The Scannell Apparatus for Transfusion of Whole Blood”, as furnished by the MacGregor Instrument Company. Housed in a mahogany case, this set contains a pair of blue-colored glass syringes, several types of needles, tubing, and a connecting valve. A small pamphlet is also included.
A. Lüer Gemric George Tiemann and Company Leach and Green
Published / Created:
19th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 022
Image Count:
3
Alternative Title:
Surgical Instruments Set
Description:
A wooden box with brass fixtures and lined with velvet. Inside the box can be found several surgical instruments, including both a capital and a Hey’s saw, probes, scalpels, a spiral tourniquet, a post mortem hammer, bone forceps, and a tongue tie.
Cooper, William (West Haven, CT) MacNicholl, T. Alexander, MD (Meriden, CT)
Published / Created:
ca. 1896
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 180
Image Count:
2
Description:
An electric massager housed in a leather-covered suitcase with velvet-lined compartments within. Included are a number of rubber attachments, an oil dropper, and the cables in which to power the device.
McIntire, Magee and Brown Company Pratt, N. J. (Bridgeport, CT)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 007
Image Count:
2
Description:
A small, wooden box with a sliding cover—of which reads "McIntire, Magee and Brown Co., 723 Sansom St., Philadelphia, PA." Inside is a single 5 cm diameter biconcave lens with two notches along the side. A small circular label on the lens has the number "13" written on it.
Harvey, Samuel Clark (1886-1953) The American Vibrator Company
Published / Created:
ca. early 20th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 028
Image Count:
2
Description:
The Tonjes Aero-Vibrant was a home vibration device that used either compressed air or liquid carbonic acid gas to power the device which would have been delivered to the user's residence—particularly useful if the residence had no electricity (see page 35 in Snow's "Mechanical Vibration and Its Therapeutic Application"). Featured here is a wooden box containing several metal attachments, some with rubber-covered ends.
A black leather wallet, measuring 15 cm. x 7.5 cm. x 3 cm. when folded and closed. Inside the kit can be found a pair of haemostatic forceps, two scalpels, two point curved bistouries, a blunt curved bistourie, two catheters—one straight, one curved—with a single shared extender, a probe, an ear spoon and hook, and a pair of needle forceps. Additionally, there are two raw leather pads where the scalpels and bistouries are stored—this is to prevent any damage to or from the blades.
Three hand forged iron spoon with hooked ends, one with spiral shaft. The lengths of the devices vary (between 18 cm. and 20 cm.) as do the spoon dimensions.
A brown leather wallet, lined with silk and velvet. Inside are several surgical tools, including forceps, cannulae, needles, lancets, surgical silk, probes, and lifts.
Clement, D. H. (Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT) Jacob H. Gemrig
Published / Created:
1840-1860
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 024
Image Count:
3
Description:
A wooden box, lined with velvet and secured with two hook latches. Inside can be found three scalpels of varying sizes and with bone handles, a retractor hook—also featuring a bone handle, an all-metal scalpel, a metal probe, a pair of scissors, and a pair of needle forceps. The manufacturer's label, J. H. Gemrig of Philadelphia, PA, is glued to the bottom of the box.
Hoxie, Thomas Burton, MD, (1794 - 1837) (Cayuga) Simpson of London
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 024
Image Count:
4
Description:
A red leather wallet, measuring 15 cm. x 6 cm. x 2 cm. when folded, with tooled edges and engrailed inner flaps and lined with a dark blue leather. Inside the wallet is a probe director and probe, a scalpel, a tenaculum, a curved bistourie, a lancet, two types of Chinese surgical silk, and several needles.
A wooden box, lined with velvet and lockable (the key is included with the set). Inside are two bone-handled scalpels, a wooden-handled scalpel, a retractor hook, a pair of large needle forceps, a metal scalpel, a chain hook with three hooks, a probe, and a bistourie. Beneath the lid of the box is a hidden compartment that holds a pair of scissors and a pair of smaller needle forceps.
A black leather wallet, measuring 15 cm. x 6 cm. x 3 cm. when folded and closed. Inside the kit can be found a pair of needle forceps, a pair of haemostatic forceps, a catheter extension, two scalpels, a probe director and tongue tie, a curved bistourie, and a straight finger knife. In addition, there is also a cardboard bobbin of black Chinese surgical silk.
A worn leather wallet containing a few instruments, including a pair of hooks, a catheter, a curette, and two undetermined pieces. Also included is a cardboard spool of silk, some needles, and a small folding leather card holder.
A bifolding leather surgical wallet lined with blue velvet. Inside the wallet are several pieces, including a catheter with an extender, and a pair of locking forceps. Also included are four folding-style pocket instruments that contain tools such as tenaculums, bistouries, and scalpels.
A cranioclast, with blades containing deep serrations and grooves. There appears to be a missing screw mechanism at end of handle. Longer and stronger than Simpson model, craniocalsts were known as skull crushers. Their use was advocated only after all else had failed.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D. and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Smellie, William (1697-1763) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 045
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Obstetric crochet
Description:
Smellie devised a double crochet that could be used as a single crochet. It is simple in design much like a forceps except that it has a sharp tooth at the end of each slim blade. This tooth could pierce and be embedded in the head of a fetus for removal.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Smellie, William (1697-1763), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
An obstetric crochet—this instrument has a single angled hook on the end, which when placed around the neck of the fetus and twisted, succeeded in severing the head. These types of instruments were used when the fetus was already dead and the mother's condition was critical. They might also have been used to remove tumors
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D. and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Davis, David Daniel (1777-1841) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 094
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
All metal forceps, with a single forge for each handle and blade. The tips of the handle curve outwards. These forceps are combinations of Hodge, Wallace and Davis forceps. All are single forge metal forceps with English locks and hooked handles. David Davis (1777-1841) was a British obstetrician who designed numerous forceps. Hugh Lenox Hodge (1796-1873), a medical graduate of University of Pennsylvania, lectured at Philadelphia Medical Institute for many years before becoming professor of obstetrics at his alma mater. His forceps were based on French forceps. William Wallace (1835-1896) was a British physician who moved to Brooklyn in 1864. He designed forceps of light construction and Hodge-type hooked handles.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Davis, David Daniel (1777-1841), Hodge, Hugh Lenox (1796-1873), Wallace, William (1835-1896), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Davis, David Daniel (1777-1841) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 094
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
These forceps are combinations of Hodge, Wallace and Davis forceps. All are single forge metal forceps with English locks and hooked handles. David Davis (1777-1841) was a British obstetrician who designed numerous forceps. Hugh Lenox Hodge (1796-1873), a medical graduate of University of Pennsylvania, lectured at Philadelphia Medical Institute for many years before becoming professor of obstetrics at his alma mater. His forceps were based on French forceps. William Wallace (1835-1896) was a British physician who moved to Brooklyn in 1864. He designed forceps of light construction and Hodge-type hooked handles.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Davis, David Daniel (1777-1841), Hodge, Hugh Lenox (1796-1873), Wallace, William (1835-1896), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Elliot, George Thomson (1827-1871) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
19th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 094
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with W. F. Ford stamped on one of the handles. Elliot forceps include both types of locking devices credited to Elliot. George Thompson Elliot (1827-1881), an American obstetrician, based the design of his forceps on that of the Simpson long forceps. The main characteristic distinguishing the two types is the locking device. The first device consists of a sliding pivot, which can be moved along a groove in the handle. The second device is a long screw in one handle, which extends into the second blade. These devices allowed the operator to fix the amount of pressure and compression of the fetal head.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Simpson, James Young, Sir (1811-1870) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
19th century
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 047
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with #5 on one of the handles. James Y. Simpson (1811 - 1870) of Edinburgh was a prominent obstetrician and the discoverer of chloroform as an anesthetic. His long and short forceps of the mid-nineteenth century were widely used and became the models for future designs.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Simpson, James Young, Sir (1811-1870), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
This is an instrument for removing a fetus. Hippolyte Blot of Paris designed this perforator for obstructed labor. The points of the blade are like diamond shaped spears. The spring-loaded handle of these perforators facilitates one handed use. After the fetus is perforated, compressing the handle engages the spring, which allows the blades to open and enlarge the perforation.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Blot, Hippolyte, and Yale University. School of Medicine.
This is an instrument for removing a fetus. This perforator is very similar to Smellie perforator but it has thinner and longer shanks. It has a pin lock and works much like a pair of scissors. The existing label reads: 'C. Lentz'.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D. and Yale University. School of Medicine.
George Tiemann and Company Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 049
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Obstetric crochet
Description:
This instrument has a single angled hook on the end, which when placed around the neck of the fetus and twisted, succeeded in severing the head. These types of instruments were used when the fetus was already dead and the mother's condition was critical. This instrument might also have been used to remove tumors.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D. and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Simpson, James Y. (1811-1870) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972) Young, Edinburgh
Published / Created:
1848
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 045
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with wooden handles. James Y. Simpson (1811 - 1870) of Edinburgh was a prominent obstetrician and the discoverer of chloroform as an anesthetic. His long and short forceps of the mid-nineteenth century were widely used and became the models for future designs.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Simpson, James Y. (1811-1870), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
1858
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 049
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of Elliot forceps, of which include both types of locking devices credited to Elliot. George Thompson Elliot (1827-1881), an American obstetrician, based the design of his forceps on that of Simpson long forceps. The main characteristic distinguishing the two types is the locking device. The first device consists of a sliding pivot, which can be moved along a groove in the handle. The second device is a long screw in one handle, which extends into the second blade. These devices allowed the operator to fix the amount of pressure and compression of the fetal head. #8 is stamped on the inside of one handle. An old label reads "Elliot 1858".
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881) George Tiemann and Company Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
1858
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 045
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with wooden handles. Elliot forceps include both types of locking devices credited to Elliot. George Thompson Elliot (1827-1881), an American obstetrician, based the design of his forceps on that of Simpson's long forceps. The main characteristic distinguishing the two types is the locking device. The first device consists of a sliding pivot, which can be moved along a groove in the handle. The second device is a long screw in one handle, which extends into the second blade. These devices allowed the operator to fix the amount of pressure and compression of the fetal head.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Bedford, Gunning (1806-1870) George Tiemann and Company Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 094
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with wooden handles. Gunning Bedford (1806-1870) an American physician, devised a forceps with blades that were lighter and thinner than the blades in previous forceps. The handles included finger rings which gave the operator better traction. O.F. Roler later designed a similar type of forceps.
Subject (Name):
Bedford, Gunning (1806-1870), Bernard Kosto, M.D., and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881) George Tiemann and Company Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
1858
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 045
Image Count:
1
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with wooden handles. Elliot forceps include both types of locking devices credited to Elliot. George Thompson Elliot (1827-1881), an American obstetrician, based the design of his forceps on that of Simpson's long forceps. The main characteristic distinguishing the two types is the locking device. The first device consists of a sliding pivot, which can be moved along a groove in the handle. The second device is a long screw in one handle, which extends into the second blade. These devices allowed the operator to fix the amount of pressure and compression of the fetal head. An old label found with the device reads "Elliot 1858".
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Elliot, George Thompson (1827-1881), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Orme, David (1727-1812) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
1782
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps with wood handles. These forceps, designed in the late eighteenth century by David Orme (1727-1812), William Lowder (d.1801) and John Haighton (1755-1823) of London were quite similar. The models had rounder and wider blades than those of British obstetrician William Smellie.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Haighton, John (1755-1823), Lowder, William (d.1801), Orme, David (1727-1812), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Orme, David (1727-1812) Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972)
Published / Created:
1790
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 045
Image Count:
2
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal straight and short forceps with a wood handle. These forceps, designed in the late eighteenth century by David Orme (1727-1812), William Lowder (d.1801) and John Haighton (1755-1823) of London were quite similar. The models had rounder and wider blades than those of British obstetrician William Smellie.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Haighton, John (1755-1823), Lowder, William (d.1801), Orme, David (1727-1812), and Yale University. School of Medicine.
Thoms, Herbert (1885-1972) Young, Thomas (1726-1783)
Published / Created:
1784
Collection Title:
Medical Instrument Collection
Container / Volume:
Box 094
Image Count:
1
Alternative Title:
Forceps
Description:
A pair of metal forceps, stamped with a #4. These forceps had a tuned-up tip to the blades. Thomas Young (1726-1783) taught midwifery at the University of Edinburgh.
Subject (Name):
Bernard Kosto, M.D., Yale University. School of Medicine., and Young, Thomas (1726-1783)
