"Scene in an English court of law. The judge, Blücher, wearing a legal wig with regimentals, stands up with left arm extended, addressing Napoleon, who crouches in the dock (right), handkerchief in hand, pleading for mercy. Beside the judge are the sovereigns of Europe, two on his right, three on his left, all gazing at the prisoner. In the well of the court aged and grotesque counsel, typical of Rowlandson's lawyers, surround the green-covered table. The jury (left) have stupid, morose, or astonished expressions. The usher, with a long rod, seated on a raised chair, faces the jury on the opposite side of the court. Corpulent constables with staves stand beside and in front of the dock. Freely sketched spectators look down from a crowded gallery above the dock. Almost all eyes are on the prisoner, behind whom stand the Devil, with folded arms, fiercely gloating over his victim. Behind the usher is a high white screen on which Napoleon's offences are inscribed: 'NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE The first and last by the Wrath of Heaven Ex Emperor of the Jacobins & head Runner of Runaways [see British Museum Satires No. 12192], Stands indicted 1ts [sic] for the Murder of Captain Wright in the Temple at Paris 2d for the murder of the Duke Dangulem [d'Enghien] Pichegrew & Georges 3 for the Murder of Palm Hoffer &c & 4th for the murder of the 12 inhabitants of Moscow 5th for inumerable Robberies committed on all Nations in Christendom & elsewhere, 6th for Bigamy & lastly for returning from Transportation, and setting the World in an uproar.' Blücher says fiercely: "You Nap Boneparte being found Guilty of all these Crimes it is fell to my lot to pronounce Sentence of Death on You--You are to be hung by the Neck for one hour till you are Dead, Dead, Dead, & your Body to be chained to a Mill Stone & sunk in the Sea at Torbay." Napoleon says: "Oh cruel Blucher, Oh! cruel Wellington it is you that have brought me to this End. Oh Magnanimous Emperors Kings & Princes intercede for me and spare my life; and give me time to attone for all my Sins, My Son Napoleon the Second will reward you for Mercy shewn me." The sovereigns are poorly characterized. On the extreme left is Alexander, next him and on Blücher's right is the Prince Regent. On Blücher's left is Louis XVIII. Next (?) the King of Prussia, then the Emperor of Austria; next, the Pope with clasped hands, wearing his tiara. On the extreme right is (?) Ferdinand of Spain looking through an eye-glass."--British Museum online catalogue
Alternative Title:
Europe's injuries revenged
Description:
Title etched below image., Printmaker from British Museum catalogue., Sheet trimmed within plate mark on bottom edge., Temporary local subject terms: Courtrooms -- Judges -- Military uniform: Regimentals --Lawyers -- Ushers -- Constables -- Constables' staves -- Devils -- Satan -- Popes -- Trials., and Manuscript "187" in upper center of plate.
Publisher:
Pubd. July 28th, 1815, by R. Ackermann, No. 101 Strand
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 1742-1819, George IV, King of Great Britain, 1762-1830, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 1777-1825, Louis XVIII, King of France, 1755-1824, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 1770-1840, Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 1793-1875, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, and Pius VII, Pope, 1742-1823
Fourth page of a monthly magazine that consisted of four pages; included on this page are five individually-titled images, "MADRID, - A FALSE ALARM (British Museum Satires No. 17269): Ferdinand VII lies on his back in bed, his crown and a huge pot of 'Holy Water' beside him. He calls 'Quick! fetch the Holy Petticoat I once embroidered. St. Peter will sure admit me in that disguise'. Behind his bed-curtains a procession hurries forward, headed by a friar holding two huge candles. An acolyte swinging a censer walks before a bishop in his robes who holds up an embroidered petticoat hanging from a cross. Behind is another bishop. (Ferdinand VII's death was expected and had been reported. He recovered and died on 29 Sept. 1833. For the petticoat, reputedly embroidered for the Virgin during his internment at Valençay, see British Museum satires no. 12508, &c.)."--British Museum online catalogue, "DIETING IN GERMANY. (British Museum satires no. 17270) 'Liberty' is represented by the flames coming from big candle-ends placed on the ground; Francis I and Nicholas (out of place in the German Diet) are putting huge extinguishers over them. Five of the candles are 'Franckfort, Hesse-Cassel, Brandenburg, Hanover, Baden'. The Tsar: 'Extinguish it in one place it blazes in another'. He is back to back with the senile Francis who puts his extinguisher over 'Brandenburg', saying, 'Why the extinguisher itself appears to be igniting'. (See British Museum satires no. 17212, &c. Revolutionary movements in Europe, cf. No. 16535, had in fact been suppressed or had subsided. For the extinguisher cf. Nos. 12588, 14145.)."--British Museum online catalogue, "DUTCHMEN BLOCKING UP THE NAVIGATION OF THE SCHELDT. (British Museum satires no. 17271) A row of fat Dutchmen sit on the water, buoyed up by bulky and inflated breeches. All are smoking long pipes; one says 'Yau Mynheer'. Behind them are small ships. Two frogs watch from a bank in the foreground. (The obstinacy of the King of Holland in claiming control over the navigation of the Scheldt, including the right of preventing ships from passing to or from the high seas, was a main obstacle in the settlement of the Dutch-Belgian question. Camb. Hist, of Br. Foreign Policy, ii. 146 ff. See British Museum satires no. 17295, &c. Van Stolk, no. 7170. )."--British Museum online catalogue, "PORTUGAL (British Museum satires no. 17272) An ugly infant, Queen Maria (left), and a crowned ape, Miguel, face each other across a chasm. On the plain below and between them scattered forces are fighting. The child, who has dropped her coral and bells, holds out her arms, screaming 'Ah you've got my crown! I will have my crown'. The ape, who presses a foot on human bones, grimaces savagely. Below each protagonist is a supporter. A man waving a cocked hat shouts 'Fight for your illustrious Queen'. A monk holds up both arms, shouting 'Fight for your August King!!' Below the title: '"Oh its a mighty pretty Quarrel" (Sir Lucius O'Trigger)' [Sheridan, The Rivals]. (For the civil war in Portugal see British Museum satires no. 17179, &c.)."--British Museum online catalogue, and "PERFECTS AND IMPERFECTS, OR DREADFUL TIMES. (British Museum satires no. 17273) 'The Times' newspaper is represented by a man whose body from neck to hips is covered by a sheet of 'The Times'; across the columns of the paper are the words: 'Horrible! \ Dreadful!! \ Frightful!! \ Mare's Nest \ discovered near \ Hammersmith'. The square head, with fierce angular features and a pen stuck in it, is seemingly an ink-pot. The limbs are those of a vigorous man, who lunges fiercely with outstretched arms, holding a huge ink-ball in each hand. With one he knocks backward and blackens the face of an elderly man dressed like the Duke of Cumberland who watches from the left. 'The Times': 'I should not have known how to make any thing of the Duke's apology; because a short-sighted man might ride nearer than he intended, and seeing people so much more frightened than hurt, might possibly smile:--But you I have at my mercy. Where's the mustachoes Sir? Where's the mustachoes?--There, Sir-- there, have you any mind for another dose'. Cumberland, stooping aggressively, exclaims: 'Oh! you officious blockhead, you will get freely belaboured for your pains'. A young lady, who watches mincingly from the right, cries, 'Oh! I am quite positive as to the mustachoes!!'."--British Museum online catalogue
Description:
Titles from text below images., Printmaker from British Museum online catalogue., and Publisher from publisher's statement "London, Published by Thos. McLean, 26 Haymarket" on first page of magazine; date of publication from series numbering "Vol. 3rd, Octr. 1, 1832" on first page of magazine. See British Museum online catalogue, registration no.: 1868,0808.12322.
Publisher:
T. Mclean
Subject (Geographic):
Antwerp (Belgium) and Great Britain
Subject (Name):
Maria II, Queen of Portugal, 1819-1853, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, William I, King of the Netherlands, 1772-1843, Anglesey, Henry William Paget, Marquis of, 1768-1854, Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1768-1835, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852, Spencer, John Charles Spencer, Earl, 1782-1845, Russell, John Russell, Earl, 1792-1878, Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 1796-1855, Newcastle, Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of, 1785-1851, Ellenborough, Edward Law, Baron, 1750-1818, Maltby, Edward, 1770-1859, Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, Earl of, 1799-1869, Denman, Thomas Denman, Baron, 1779-1854, Brougham and Vaux, Henry Brougham, Baron, 1778-1868, Karl II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, 1804-1873, Knight, Charles, 1791-1873, Quentin, George Augustus, 1760-1851., and Georg V, King of Hannover, 1819-1878
Subject (Topic):
Siege, 1832, Catholics, Public opinion, Monkeys, and Arcimboldesque figures
"European sovereigns (wearing crowns) and others, watch a game of billiards between the Tsar, the principal figure, and the Sultan. Nicholas (left), a dandy in uniform, is about to make a stroke which will inevitably pocket the Turkish ball; in the pocket beside him is a ball inscribed 'Greece'. He registers complacent satisfaction. The Turk (right), in ornate Turkish dress and jewelled turban with two aigrettes, stamps furiously, tearing his long white beard. Greece (or the pro-Russian President of the Republic, Capodistrias) stands behind Nicholas on the extreme left, gloomily smoking a long pipe. He wears elaborate national costume, and a cone-shaped cap from which project two long ass's ears; this is surmounted by a chain and padlock and inscribed 'Cap of Liberty presented by Russia'. Charles X bends excitedly towards him, both hands raised; he says: 'By Gar he has pocket your Ball--dat is no good for you.' On the wall a framed map of the globe serves as marking board; the east, north, and west sides are respectively: 'Greece', 'Turkey', and 'India', the last being 'Game'. The pointer is a bayoneted musket. Francis I is marking, his finger on the pointer which has just passed "Turkey" on its way to "India"; he looks down at the table, saying, 'I may as well mark Game.' Frederick William III puts his hand on his shoulder, saying, 'I say Brother Marker, you and I must go snacks.' Seated under this map is Francis I of the Two Sicilies, his arms folded; he holds his crown which is 'Wrapped up--to preserve the NAP'. Between the map and Charles X stands an American, presumably President Jackson, a tall man in civilian dress with a jauntily worn high-crowned hat. He says: 'Pretty considerable--that is I guess how the game will be' [see British Museum Satires No. 14714]. Between the King of Prussia and the Sultan stands Ferdinand VII, as the "Spanish Mule" of British Museum Satires No. 12508, &c., an ass's head, with blinkers and a muzzle, and long ears projecting through his crown. He wears ruff, slashed doublet, &c, and reads a paper: 'Map of Sou[th] Amer[ica]'. In the foreground Wellington (right) sits in a small chair, in profile to the left, his eyes looking apprehensively behind him, his mouth pursed. He wears blue coat and white trousers and holds a cue, the butt resting on the ground; under his chair lies a British bull-dog, gazing up with melancholy intentness. The Duke's shadow forms the silhouette of a soldier standing with folded arms. In the middle distance are notabilities, less directly concerned. The Duke of Brunswick in the uniform of a Death's Head Hussar, with a conical fool's cap with bells poised above his crown, says, 'I'll see Hanover d--n before I ask his pardon.' O'Connell, with a big bag of 'Rent' under his arm (see British Museum Satires No. 14766, &c), says to the Pope, holding out a ticket inscribed 'MP, By der powers father I won two games' [his two returns for Clare, see British Museum Satires Nos. 15538, 15847]. On the extreme right Dom Miguel, wearing the Order of the Tower and Sword, clutches his crown, saying, 'I must hold tight now--my little Wife that was to be--is gone home.'"--British Museum online catalogue
Description:
Title etched below image., Imprint continues: ... sole publisher of W. Heaths etchings., Sheet trimmed within plate mark., Mounted to: 33 x 43 cm., and Mounted on a sheet, on the verso of which is an offset impression of: Heath, William. High & mighty queen recieving an address from the most loyal subjects in the world.
Publisher:
Pub. Sep. 30, 1829, by T. McLean, 26 Haymarket ...
Subject (Name):
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 1796-1855, Mahmud II, Sultan of the Turks, 1784-1839, Kapodistrias, Iōannēs Antōniou, 1776-1831, Charles X, King of France, 1757-1836, Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1768-1835, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 1770-1840, Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies, 1777-1830, Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852, Karl II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, 1804-1873, O'Connell, Daniel, 1775-1847, Pius VIII, Pope, 1761-1830, and Miguel I, King of Portugal, 1802-1866
Subject (Topic):
Billiards, Heads of state, Dandies, Pipes (Smoking), and Maps
Title from caption below image., Printmaker from British Museum catalogue., Sheet trimmed to plate mark., Temporary local subject terms: Coins -- Globes -- Chess boards -- Ladders -- Crowns -- Swords -- Military Uniforms., and Manuscript "59" in upper center of plate.
Publisher:
Pubd. March 4th, 1814 by H. Humphrey No. 27 St. James St.
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Charles XIV John, King of Sweden and Norway, 1763-1844, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 1770-1840, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 1777-1825, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, and Francesco I, King of the Two Sicilies, 1777-1830
"A Portuguese soldier and a British soldier, facing each other, co-operatively seize Ferdinand VII, who is putting his left foot across a line dividing Spain (right) from Portugal. Each holds a musket without bayonet. The Englishman's right hand is on Ferdinand's shoulder; the Portuguese clutches one of the King's ass's ears. Ferdinand wears a crown, a long cloak, and a spiky ruff. A French officer on the extreme right makes off to the right, shocked and alarmed; he looks over his shoulder, exclaiming, Sacré dieu! le pauvre bete est attrappée."--British Museum online catalogue
Description:
Title etched below image., From British Museum online catalogue Curator's comments: The Frenchman is evidently the Marquis de Moustier, French Ambassador at Madrid, who appeared covertly to countenance Ferdinand's support of the Portuguese refugees, and was recalled in disgrace., and Original price "2/-" written in ink in lower right corner of sheet.
Publisher:
Published by Thos. McLean, 26 Haymarket
Subject (Geographic):
Spain
Subject (Name):
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833 and Moustier, Clément Edouard, Marquis de, 1779-1830.
Subject (Topic):
History, Soldiers, British, Portuguese, Military officers, French, and Firearms
V. 4. Caricature magazine, or, Hudibrastic mirror.
Image Count:
1
Resource Type:
still image
Abstract:
"Napoleon sits on a stool or low-backed hair holding the two younger sons of the King of Spain, dressed as infants in long robes, one on each knee. His legs are wide astride, and with his jackboots he rocks two large wicker cradles on the left and right. Both are inscribed 'Imperial Cradle'; on the right sleep the King and Queen, the latter wearing a nieht-cap, and with her back to her husband. The head of the cradle is inscribed 'The Good Old King and his Amiable Consort.' On the left Ferdinand, a burly infant, sleeps in the cradle inscribed 'Prince of Austurias' [sic]. Napoleon wears a large feathered bicorne, and looks down with a twisted cynical expression at the children on his knee, both fast asleep with expressionless faces. A collar is padlocked round each neck, inscribed 'Antonio and Carlos'. He says: "Hush a bye - Hush a bye - you shall have your crowns again - but I dont know when!"."--British Museum online catalogue
Description:
Title etched below image., Plate numbered "245" in upper right corner., Plate from: Woodward, G.M. Caricature magazine, or Hudibrastic mirror. London : Thomas Tegg, [1808?], v. 4., Watermark: 1817., and Leaf 24 in volume 4.
Publisher:
Pubd. July 12th, 1808, by Thos. Tegg, N. 111 Cheapside
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Carlos, Prince of Bourbon, 1788-1855, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, Charles IV, King of Spain, 1748-1819, and María Luisa, Queen, consort of Charles IV, King of Spain, 1751-1819
V. 4. Caricature magazine, or, Hudibrastic mirror.
Image Count:
1
Resource Type:
still image
Abstract:
"A spider with the head of Napoleon is the centre of a large irregular web which stretches across the design. He wears his plumed bicorne, and his head is in profile to the left devouring two 'Spanish Flies' which fly into his mouth (Charles IV and Ferdinand). His bloated body is inscribed 'Unbounded Ambition'. The other flies in the web are Austrian Fly (left), with a number of little flies beside it; a swarm of 'Small Flies innumerable' is scattered thickly over the upper part of the web; on the outer circumference (right) the 'Pope Fly', saying, "I am afraid I shall be draggd in." Below: the 'Venetian Fly', a mere corpse; 'Italian Fly'. On the lower part of the web: 'Hamburgh Fly', 'Prussian Fly', 'Hanoverian Fly', 'Etrurion Fly'. The 'Portugeuse Fly', with a bottle (of Port) for a body, is on the circumference of the web. Below the 'Austrian Fly', 'Dutch Fly', with a human head smoking a pipe. Just touching the circumference with its front legs, below the Prussian and Hamburg Flies, is the 'Russian Fly', with the head of the Tsar, wearing a cocked hat; he says: "I declare I was half in the web, before I made the discovery." A large fly flying below the web (left), with a human head wearing a jewelled turban, is the 'Turkish Fly'; he says: "I am afraid it will be my turn next." In the upper left. corner, outside the web, is a solid John Bull, with four wings. He looks down at the spider, saying, "Ay you may look Master Spider but I am not to be caught in your web." Above and below the web are clouds."--British Museum online catalogue, description of a variant state
Description:
Title etched below image., Plate numbered "246" in upper right corner., Plate from: Woodward, G.M. Caricature magazine, or Hudibrastic mirror. London : Thomas Tegg, [1808?], v. 4., For a variant state lacking plate number, see no. 10999 in the Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum. Division I, political and personal satires, v. 8., Watermark: 1817., and Leaf 81 in volume 4.
Publisher:
Pubd. July 12th, 1808, by Thos. Tegg, No. 111 Cheapside
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, Charles IV, King of Spain, 1748-1819, and Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 1777-1825
"Caricature of the Holy Alliance (the rulers of Russia, Spain, Austria and Britain) seated round a table plotting to restore Ferdiand of Spain to his throne"--British Museum online catalogue and Satire depicting the The Quintuple Alliance (Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Napoleon Bonaparte, Francis I, Emperor of Austria, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, duc d’Angoulême and the Duke of Wellington) debating the question of the Spanish succession and French intervention in Spain at the 1822 Congress of Verona. Losers in the negotiation are depicted as tiny doll-like figures trampled under the table. Masks are scattered on the floor and animal symbolism includes a bear, a monkey and a pair of bulldogs
Description:
Title from text above image., Print signed within lower left corner of image., Not in the Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum., and Manuscript number "65" in upper right corner of sheet.
Publisher:
Published Feb. 1823 by J. Dickinson, 114 New Bond St.
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 1777-1825, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 1769-1852, Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1768-1835, Angoulême, Louis-Antoine d'Artois, duc d', 1775-1844, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833., and Congress of Verona
Subject (Topic):
Bulldogs, Monkeys, Bears, Masks, Flags, and Globes
V. 5. Caricature magazine, or, Hudibrastic mirror.
Image Count:
1
Resource Type:
still image
Abstract:
"Napoleon is being drummed out of France. His right wrist is tied to the left wrist of Joseph Bonaparte; they are led forward, abjectly crouching, by Blücher, who holds the rope attached to the noose round Napoleon's neck. Napoleon has long ass's ears and wears a fool's cap inscribed 'Transported for Life'; his brother's cocked hat is inscribed 'Coward and Thief'. Both are assailed by serpentine monsters, barbed and scaly, which bite their legs, one inscribed 'Execration', the other 'Detestation'. Both wear uniform with the coats without epaulets and cut off at the waist. Blücher carries against his shoulder a long pole on which is a placard: 'Napolean, Late Emperor of the French, King of Italy Protecter of the Confederation of the Rhine, Grand Arbiter of the fate of Nations &c &c &c but now by the permission of the Allied Sovereigns, Exile in the Isle of Elba an Outcast from Society a fugitive a Vagabond. Yet this is the conceited Mortal who said, I have never been seduced by prosperity Adversity will not be able to overcome me--' Behind (left) the sovereigns of Europe gleefully dance in a ring, holding hands, round two flag-staffs from which float two large flags, the Bourbon flag dotted with fleur-de-lis and inscribed 'Rejoice O ye Kings Vive le Roi'; on the other is a flag with the double-headed eagle of Austria or Russia. The monarchs wear crowns; with them is the Pope, wearing his tiara. Next him is the corpulent Louis XVIII, one arm round the Pope's shoulder. Of the others only William of Holland can be identified with certainty; he wears bulky Dutch breeches with an ermine cloak. There are five others, three must be the Tsar, Emperor of Austria, King of Prussia. The others are probably Ferdinand of Spain and Ferdinand of Sicily. They sing: 'Now we are met a Jolly set in spite of Wind or Weather'. The three foreground figures are faced by a row of soldiers beating drums, with an officer raising his sword."--British Museum online catalogue
Description:
Title etched below image., Printmaker from British Museum catalogue., Four lines of verse below image, two on either side of title: From fickle fortune's gamesome lap, what various titles flow, the Emperor of Conj rors, Nap, the King of Beggars Joe!, Plate numbered "321" in upper right corner., Plate from: Woodward, G.M. Caricature magazine, or Hudibrastic mirror. London : Thomas Tegg, [1808?], v. 5., Watermark: 1817., and Leaf 19 in volume 5.
Publisher:
Pubd. April 15, 1814, by Thos. Tegg, No. 111 Cheapside
Subject (Name):
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821, Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, 1768-1844, Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 1742-1819, Pius VII, Pope, 1742-1823, Louis XVIII, King of France, 1755-1824, William I, King of the Netherlands, 1772-1843, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 1777-1825, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 1770-1840, Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 1768-1835, Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833, and Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies, 1751-1825
Ferdinand VII, seated on a throne on a low platform inscribed "TIRANIA", is flanked by two advisers, the Devil on the left and a friar on the right. At the friar's feet, in the foreground, a demon burns newspapers with a firebrand. Tortures of the Inquisition are seen in the background
Description:
Title from text in image., A close copy, with same imprint but with other inscriptions translated into Spanish, of a print by George Cruikshank entitled "The curse of Spain". Cf. No. 13009 in the Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum. Division I, political and personal satires, v. 9., Six lines of text below image: En tanto que los bravos españoles, Derramaban su sangre por Fernando, El á Napoleon felicitaba, Por las victorias que en el suelo hispano, Sus sanguinárias huestes conseguian-- Ved las hazañas de este Monstruo infando. La Ferdinanda. Lib. 1. v. 129., Cf. Cohn, A.M. George Cruikshank: a catalogue raisonné, 1303., Cf. Reid, G.W. A descriptive catalogue of the works of George Cruikshank, 868., and Watermark: J. Whatman 1818.
Publisher:
Washington
Subject (Name):
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833 and Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821.
